T. S. Eliot
Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on 26 September 1888, the youngest of seven children. The family is of English origin, the American line descending from Andrew Eliot who went to Massachusetts from the Somerset village of East Coker in the 17th Century.
T. S. Eliot was educated at Harvard, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at Merton College, Oxford. His early poetry was profoundly influenced by the French symbolists, especially Baudelaire and Laforgue. In his academic studies, he specialized in philosophy and logic. His doctoral thesis was on F. H. Bradley.
He settled in England in 1915, the year in which he married, and also met his contemporary Ezra Pound for the first time. He taught briefly at High Wycombe Grammar School and, in 1916, spent four terms at Highgate Junior School, where John Betjeman (aged ten) was one of his pupils. In March 1917, he joined Lloyds Bank in the City of London, in the foreign and colonial department. In this year, he published his first volume of poems, Prufrock and Others Observations. His second book, Poems (1919) was hand-printed by Leonard and Virginia Woolf. The Sacred Wood, a collection of critical essays, appeared in 1920. His most famous work, The Waste Land, came out in 1922 in the first issue of the quarterly ‘The Criterion’, which he edited. Three years later, he left the bank to become a director of the publishing House of Faber.
In 1927, he was received into the Church of England and also became a British citizen.
Ash-Wednesday was published at Easter 1930. Eliot soon became one of the leaders of Anglo-Catholic opinion and a devoted churchwarden in Kensington.
There have been various collected editions of his poems and volumes of his literary and social criticism, notably Selected Essays, On Poetry and Poets and Notes Towards the Definition of Culture.
During the 1920s, he frequented the ballet, the theatre and the London music halls, especially the Palladium. He wrote a celebrated tribute to Marie Lloyd on her death in 1922. His verse writing for the theatre began with the Sweeney Agonistes fragments in 1927. He wrote the London churches’ pageant play The Rock in 1934. Murder in the Cathedral, about the martyrdom of Thomas Becket, was commissioned for the Canterbury Festival of 1935 and was later filmed. The Family Reunion was first performed at the Westminster Theatre in 1939, with Michael Redgrave as Lord Monchensey. Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats appeared in October 1939. (‘Possum” was Eliot’s alias among his friends.) Four Quartets, now generally regarded as his masterpiece, began with ‘Burnt Norton’ in 1936, continued with ‘East Coker’ in 1940, ‘The Dry Salvages’ 1941 and ‘Little Gidding’ 1942. The separate poems were gathered together in 1943.
Eliot received the Order of Merit in January 1948 and, in the autumn of the same year, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Among many other honours and distinctions, he was an Officier de la Légion d’Honneur. He was awarded the Hanseatic Goethe prize in 1954, and the Dante Gold Medal in 1959.
He subsequently wrote three more verse plays, each of which had its première at the Edinburgh Festival; The Cocktail Party (1949), The Confidential Clerk (1953) and The Elder Statesman (1958).
Eliot married for the second time in 1957. He died in London in January 1965. There is a memorial to him in Poets’ Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside those to Tennyson and Browning. His ashes rest in St Michael’s Church, East Coker.
A Propos of
“Practical Cats”
In an early poem, ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’, T. S. Eliot likened the yellow fog of St. Louis to a cat.
“that rubs its back upon the window-panes,
The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,
Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,
Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,
Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from Chimneys,
Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,
And seeing that it was a soft October night
Curled once about the house, and fell asleep…”
There are other references to cats in his work, but it was to his Godchildren, particularly Tom Faber and Alison Tandy, in the 1930s, that he first revealed himself as Old Possum.
Writing to Tom in January 1931, he described and drew his Lilliecat called Jellylorum whose ‘one idea is to be USEFUL… and yet is so little and small that it can sit on my ear! … I would tell you about our Cus Cus … except that I can’t draw Dogs so well as Cats, Yet; but I mean to…’ .. When Tom was four, TSE suggested that all pollicle Dogs and Jellicle Cats should be
“INVITED to Come
With a Flute & a Fife & a Fiddle & Drum
With a Fiddle, a Fife & a Drum & a Tabor
To the Birthday Party of THOMAS ERLE FABER!”
Then there was a “very Grand Cat … a Persian Prince and it is Blue because it has Blue Blood, and its name was MUIRZA MURAD ALI BEG but I said that was too Big a Name for such a Small Cat, so its name is WISKUSCAT. But it is sometimes called The MUSICAL BOX because it makes a noise like singing and sometimes COCKALORUM because it looks like one. (Have you ever seen a Cockalorum? Neither have I)”. In April 1932, Tom learnt that “the Portentine cat has been in bed with Ear Ache so the Pollicle Dog stopped At Home to Amuse it by making Cat’s Cradles”.
Both children were sent ‘The Naming of Cats’ in January 1936. The words “Jellicle Cat” came from when T. S. Eliot’s niece tried to say “dear little cat” and the words “Pollicle dog” came from when she tried to say “poor little dog”.
TSE was always inventing suitable cat names, as he was often asked for them by friends and strangers. I remember ‘Noilly Prat’ (an elegant cat); ‘Carbuckety’ (a knock-about cat); ‘Tantomile’ (a Witch’s cat); he also liked ‘Pouncival’ with its Morte d-Arthur flavour and ‘Sillabub’, a mixture of silly and Beelzebub.
Alison received “the last poem I have written; ‘The Rum Tum Tugger’” in October 1936. A year later, TSE wrote “Some time ago I mentioned in a letter that I was meaning to write a poem about TWO cats, names Mungojerrie and Rumpelteazer – and here it is. You may not like it because those two Cats have turned out to be even worse than I expected”. On Ash Wednesday 1938, he told her “I am trying to do a poem about a Railway Train Cat and if I can do it I will send it to you in due course. ‘Skimbleshanks” followed.
Although Faber & Faber announced ‘Mr. Eliot’s book of Pollicle Dogs and Jellicle Cats As Recited to Him by the Man in White Spats’ in their 1936 Spring catalogue, TSE had run into difficulties over his general approach. “The idea of the volume was to have different poems on appropriate subjects … recited by the Man in White Spats … At the end they all go up in a balloon, self, Spats, and dogs and cats”.
“Up up up past the Russell Hotel,
Up up up to the Heaviside Layer”.
Three more years, as his publisher put it, brought “a growing, perception that it would be impolite to wrap cats up with dogs” and the realization that the book would be exclusively feline. Ralph Hodgson, the poet who bred bull-terriers, had hoped to illustrate it but at the crucial period he was house-hunting in America. He felt that “the fun of doing it – or – attempting it – is the thing, and that is only possible with my feet up on the mantelpiece, as the saying is”.
Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats was published on 5 October 1939 in an edition of 3005 copies at 3/6d 35¢) with TSE’s drawings on the front cover and the dust-wrapper. He was nervous about its reception. His verse play The Family Reunion had appeared in March and The Idea of a Christian Society was due in three weeks. “It is intended for a NEW Public” he informed Geoffrey Faber, “but I am afraid I cannot dispense with the old one”. He need not have worried. “Cats are giving general satisfaction” the Sales Manager reported shortly afterwards. Today, they have become a minor classic and are to be found in Danish, German, Italian, Japanese, Swedish, Hungarian and Polish.
‘The Marching Song of the Pollicle Dogs’ and “Billy M’Caw: The Remarkable Parrot’ appeared in The Queen’s Book of the Red Cross in 1939; ‘Grizabella: the Glamour Cat’ is an unpublished fragment of which only the last eight lines were written as TSE thought her history too sad for-children.
Valerie Eliot
P.S. Whenever he was unwell or could not sleep, TSE would recite the verses under his breath.
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